indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
honorific/polite/humble prefix
myself; yourself; I; me; you
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
by myself; in person; by oneself
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
number one; first; best; most; game; round
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
don't you think?; indicates question
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged