this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
apple (fruit); apple tree (Malus pumila)
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
chair; stool; post; office; position
basket (shopping, etc.); hamper; cage
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
bag; sack; skin of an orange (and other like fruits); dead end; plot of land surrounded by water
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
while; during (the time when)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all