indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
campground; campsite; camping-ground
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
number one; first; best; most; game; round
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
family; members of a family
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
story; tale; talk; discussion
snake; serpent; large snake