indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Japanese katydid (Gampsocleis buergeri); katydid; bush-cricket (Tettigoniidae); (arch.) cricket
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
to collect; to assemble; to gather
nest; rookery; den; haunt; (spider's) web
to become hungry; to get an empty stomach
The Ant and the Grasshopper
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
next; following; subsequent; stage; station