indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
number one; first; best; most; game; round
apple (fruit); apple tree (Malus pumila)
retainer; retinue; servant
child; small person; dwarf; midget; narrow-minded person; mean person
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to grow up; to become an adult; to become big; to grow in size