indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
by means of; due to; because of; according to
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
number one; first; best; most; game; round
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
to have a talk; to tell a story
loveable; very likeable; like very much
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
story; tale; talk; discussion
wherein; therein; thereinto
variety; kind; type; counter for kinds, species, etc.
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
near; close; beside; vicinity; proximity; besides
for example; for instance; e.g.
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit