indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
family; members of a family
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour