indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
family; members of a family
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
stairs; stairway; staircase
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
entrance; front door; entryway; entranceway; entry hall; vestibule
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast
toilet; restroom; bathroom; lavatory