down-train; train heading toward the ending point of its route; down-slope; downward going; downbound (esp. away from Tokyo); downstream
ascent; climbing; up-train; train heading toward the starting point of its route; upbound (esp. toward Tokyo); upstream
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
mountain climbing; mountaineering
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
two persons; two people; pair; couple
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fine weather; fair weather
seventh day of the month; seven days
eighth day of the month; eight days
February; second month of the lunar calendar
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence