indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
woodcutter; lumberjack; logger
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
God; god; ace; king; superior person
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
river; stream; River; the ... river
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to come out; to appear; to turn up; to emerge
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
myself; yourself; I; me; you
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
story; tale; talk; discussion
carelessly (throwing, tossing, etc.); nonchalantly; casually
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly