indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
like this; this sort; this way
in this manner; in this way; like this
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
thank you for the meal; that was a delicious meal; what a wonderful meal
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do