indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
how; in what way; how about
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
time; hour; period; class
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
in comparison to; rather than
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
how; in what way; by what means