indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
while; during; while; although; all; both
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)