indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
(some) more; even more; longer; further
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result