indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
story; tale; legend; plot; storyline
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
instant; moment; for an instant
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
breath; breathing; tone; mood
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
to roll; to tumble; to fall over; to roll over; to lie down; to be scattered about; to be lying around
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
it cannot be helped; there's nothing for it; it's no use fighting back; it's hopeless; there is no way out of it
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base