indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
name; given name; first name
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; the present time; just now; another; more
than; from; out of; except; but; more
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
forever; for good; eternally; as long as one likes; indefinitely; no matter what
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
whereabouts; place; location; place where one belongs; where one fits in; place where one can be oneself