indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
form; shape; figure; visage
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something