indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
village; hamlet; countryside; country; home (of one's parents, etc.); hometown
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
decision; determination; resolution
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
entrance; entry; gate; approach; mouth
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
party (gathering, celebration, etc.); party (group, political, etc.)
Tuesday; fire (second of the five elements)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
each; (arch.) you (plural)
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
friendly; openhearted; sociable; amiable; good-humored; good-humoured
to raise one's hand; to surrender; to raise one's hand to someone (as a threat to strike); to become better (at something); to improve; to throw one's hat in the ring
greeting; greetings; speech (congratulatory or appreciative); address; reply; response; revenge
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
time; hour; period; class