indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to represent; to signify; to reveal; to show; to express; to make widely known
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
reflection; reverberation; reflex; reflexes
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
similarly; same (idea); same (name)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
until now; so far; up to the present
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
air of luxury; high class feel
to drift; to float; to waft (e.g. a scent); to hang in the air; to be in the air (e.g. a feeling or mood); to wander; to walk around aimlessly
reddish brown tinged with black
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become hoarse; to become impure (of a heart, society, etc.); to be corrupted
mud; slush; (wet) dirt; thief
heart; guts; nerve; central part
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
to mope; to brood; to be in low spirits; to have the blues
remote past; far ago; time immemorial
to feel; to sense; to experience
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of