to look down on (someone); to make fun of; to put down; to treat with contempt; to underestimate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beginning; outset; first; onset
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
number one; first; best; most; game; round
underling; subordinate official
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to advise strongly; to insist (on something)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to hurt one's feelings; to rub someone the wrong way
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to be harmful to; to hinder; to interfere with; to irritate
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
keep ...-ing; have been ...-ing; leaving (something) on; leaving (something) still in use
internal organs; intestines; viscera
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to fall ill; to suffer from (e.g. a disease); to have something wrong with (e.g. an inner organ)
skin; body (in the context of intimate bodily contact); surface; grain (e.g. of wood); disposition; temperament
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
fat; chubby; fatso; fatty; fat person
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole
scorn; disdain; contempt; slight
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
lowest-ranking; one-star (hotel, restaurant, etc.)
commodity; article of commerce; goods; stock; merchandise
elegance; grace; article; item; counter for items (of food, etc.); counter for dishes or courses (at a restaurant)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to declare; to assert; to say bluntly; to say straight out
hornworm (caterpillar of a hawk moth); (hairless) caterpillar
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
finger; hands and fingers; hands