indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
letter; missive; note; mail
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
house; one's house; one's home; one's family
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
person; character; one's character; one's personality; able person; talented person
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sleeping during the day; (afternoon) nap; siesta
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
reception (desk); information desk; receipt; acceptance
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
greeting; greetings; speech (congratulatory or appreciative); address; reply; response; revenge
to go to; to proceed to; to leave for
it's been a long time; long time no see
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
above anything else; above all; more than anything; best; greatest; excellent
crash; smash; crunch; bang; breaking sound
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
to descend; to go down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; to be less than
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
silver; silver colour; (fig.) snow
to wear; to be dressed in; to have on
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
jūbako; multi-tiered food box; heavy; serious; extreme; -fold
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
enclosing wall; boundary fence; obstacle; barrier
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification