indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
surroundings; environs; circumference
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
grassy field; grassland; meadow; grass-covered plain; savannah; prairie
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time; season; period; phase; stage
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
wintertime; winter season
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
domestic animals; livestock; cattle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to assemble; to gather
in order to; for the purpose of; must; should
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
metre; meter; meter; gauge
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
low-lying part of a city (usu. containing shops, factories, etc.); Shitamachi (low-lying area of eastern Tokyo near Tokyo Bay, incl. Asakusa, Shitaya, Kanda, Fukugawa, Honjo, Nihonbashi, Kyobashi and surrounds)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
some people; a few people; several people
participation; joining; entry; adherence
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
poverty-stricken; destitute; poor; penurious
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
frequency (of occurrence)
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
monster; monstrosity; giant; influential figure; monsterlike; over-demanding
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)