indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
dining room; dining hall; cafeteria; restaurant; eatery; snack bar
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
while; during; while; although; all; both
to be lost in deep thought; to be deeply immersed in thought
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
how; in what way; how about
murmur; mutter; murmuring; tweet; Twitter post
to pick up; to find; to gather
Mary (mother of Jesus); the Virgin Mary; Mary (of Magdala); Mary Magdalene
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to ask; to enquire; to inquire; to search; to look for; to look into
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to catch (someone's words); to make out; to follow; to ask about (a situation, circumstances, etc.); to inquire
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
as much as possible; as far as possible; whenever possible; if (at all) possible