indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
labyrinth; maze; mystery; dungeon
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
cold; frigid; bracing; dignified
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
name; given name; first name