indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
historic ruins (remains, relics); archeological site
fresco; mural; wall painting
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
document; official papers
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to transcribe; to duplicate; to describe; to film; to picture
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
to be helpful; to be useful
nothing; naught; nought; un-; non-
attribute; property; context; character class, type, fetish, etc.
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
transcription (of a text, DNA, RNA, etc.); copying; transfer (printing); transcription; transliteration
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
copier; copy machine; photocopier
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
character (esp. kanji); letter; handwriting; penmanship; the ... word (e.g. "the L word" = "love")
to rise to the surface; to come to the front; to emerge (e.g. from obscurity); to stand out (e.g. against a dark background)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
screen (of a TV, computer, etc.); image (on a screen); picture; surface of a painting (picture, drawing, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
by means of; due to; because of; according to
outside (e.g. of a building); exterior; outside (of a group, company, etc.); outside world
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...