indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
ingredient; (raw) material; unprocessed timber; raw timber; subject matter; topic
purchase; buying; buying used articles as a company; trade-in; purchase on a no-return policy; lump-sum payment
about; on; regarding; per; for every
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
(written) invitation; letter of invitation
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rule; to govern; to reign over; to subdue; to suppress; to quell
(political) power; authority; influence
society; public; community; social studies
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
another world (esp. in fiction); otherworld; parallel universe; different-dimension world; isekai
substance; essence; substantive; substantial; in essence; in effect
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to be filled with grief; to be overcome with sorrow
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
meeting; greeting; welcome; person sent to meet a visitor
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage