indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
party (gathering, celebration, etc.); party (group, political, etc.)
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
outside of; not covered by
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
than; from; out of; except; but; more
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
portion; potion (e.g. magical)
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
restoration; rehabilitation; recovery; recovery (from an illness); recuperation; convalescence
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
time; hour; period; class
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
considerably; fairly; quite
shortening; contraction; reduction; curtailment; abbreviation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
alchemy; way of making money; moneymaker; money-spinner
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(free) sample; promotional gift
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
offer; tender; providing; sponsoring (a TV program)