western direction; Western Pure Land (Amitabha's Buddhist paradise); western fighter in a match (e.g. sumo)
various countries; various regions; various provinces
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
inauguration; installation ceremony
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
twentieth day of the month; twenty days
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
the Big Three (countries)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
union; alliance; combination; RENGO (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)
western part; the west (of a region); the West (United States)
national border; provincial border
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
all people; everybody; ten thousand people
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
stationing (e.g. of troops); garrison
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to compete; to contest; to quarrel; to argue; to deny (e.g. evidence)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thirteen; 13; king (playing card)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
great war; great battle; world war