indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon; to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with
Japan; the (Japanese) empire
eastern part; the east (of a region)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
historic ruins (remains, relics); archeological site
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
general term; generic name
mostly; ordinarily; probably; most; almost all; ordinary
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
monster; monstrosity; giant; influential figure; monsterlike; over-demanding
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
defence mechanism; defense mechanism
to keep company; to look after; to entertain; to play (a game) with
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement