indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be (that) as it may; having said that
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
vast; extensive; immense; huge; large; grand
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
rule; reign; government; governing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
being very busy; busyness
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
almost; roughly; approximately
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
participation; joining; entry; adherence
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
post; official position; managerial position; executive position
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
chief vassal; senior statesman
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
at present; currently; so far; for now; for the time being
that day; the very same day
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to order; to command; to appoint
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few