indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(one) matter; (one) item; (one) case
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
naturally; of course; understandably
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sleeping in late; oversleeping; late riser; sleepyhead
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
to be still half asleep; to be half awake; to be not yet quite awake
time; hour; period; class
half; 50%; tie; 5 parts; 5%
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
passage (of time); elapsing; progress; development; transit
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to come to one's senses; to calm down
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
place; situation; position; location
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
shaking; trembling; pitching; disturbance; unrest; agitation
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
beginning; outset; first; onset
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly