if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to concern; to be related
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
knock; knocking; fungo hitting; hitting balls for fielding practice
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to come to one's senses; to calm down
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
naming; nominating; designating; calling on; asking for; requesting
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
accompanying; travelling together; traveling together; same bank
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility