indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
unfortunately; sorry, but ...
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to lose one's way; to get lost
though; notwithstanding; although
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
in the same way as; just like
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
such ... as; or some such
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
to carry over; to carry forward; to keep (for later); to defer
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
place; situation; position; location
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)