indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
arbor; arbour; suffix forming the final part of the pseudonyms of some writers and performers; suffix forming the final part of the name of a restaurant
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
learning by ear; memory of having heard something before
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to face; to go towards; to head towards
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to follow; to come along with one; to accompany
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
while; even though; despite
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
to mind (negative nuance); to care about; to worry; to pay undue (amount of) attention to (something)
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
before long; soon; almost; nearly; finally; in the end
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
to catch sight of; to come into view; to happen to see
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
delicate; minute; fine; detailed; subtle