indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
vacant land; unoccupied ground; empty lot
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
circumference; outskirts; environs; (computer) peripheral
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to mask; to cover; to cloak; to hide; to conceal
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to grow; to spring up; to sprout; to cut (teeth)
in that way; thus; so; so?
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
(how) many times; (how) often
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
absorption; suction; attraction
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
use; utilization; utilisation; application
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
speed; velocity; pace; velocity