pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
settlement; solution; resolution
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
life; existence; (one's) working life; career; life force; lifeblood
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
to leave behind; to put off; to postpone
to deify; to enshrine; to pray; to worship
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
to glare at; to scowl at; to stare intensely at; to examine carefully; to estimate; to guess
juice pressed from a bitter orange; ponzu (Japanese sauce made primarily of soy sauce and citrus juice)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
to have a talk; to tell a story
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
sky; air; ether; firmament; the heavens
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
royal castle; imperial castle
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody