indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
departure; departing (from ...); sending; sent (by ...); engine; counter for gunshots, bursts of gas, etc.
side (of the torso); flank; illegitimate child; child born by someone other than one's wife
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
while; during; while; although; all; both
(some) more; even more; longer; further
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
should; must; -able; probably; likely
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow