indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
array; muster; line-up; full force
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to project; to overhang; to stick out; to put up (a notice); to post
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
register of names; list of names; roll; register; roster
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
while; during; while; although; all; both
Zhou dynasty (China, approx. 1046-256 BCE); Chou dynasty; perimeter; counter for laps or circuits
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
enumeration; citation; listing
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
to turn towards; to point
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
millennium; one thousand years; (fig.) long time
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
together; at the same time; same; identical
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
pupil; student; schoolchild
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine