indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
management; administration; operation; running (business); conducting
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
advanced; developed; seniority; senior; superior
nature (of a person); sex; gender; sex (i.e. sexual attraction, activity, etc.); gender; -ty
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to measure; to weigh; to survey; to conjecture; to infer; to surmise
criterion; standard; yardstick; rough estimate; approximation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
index; indices; indicator
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say in other words; to put another way; to express in different words; to reword; to rephrase
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
food (esp. staple food such as rice or wheat); provisions; rations; food supply
production output; number of goods manufactured
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be rich in; to abound in; to be abundant in; to be rich; to be wealthy
poor; needy; lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
foundation; root; basis; root and trunk
food; foodstuff; eating; appetite; meal; portion
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to represent; to signify; to reveal; to show; to express; to make widely known
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
commerce; trade; business
strength; power; proficiency; ability
agricultural community; farm village; rural