house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
busy; hurried; confused; flurried
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
business; affairs; duties; work; procedure; task
excess; surplus; superabundance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
increasing the number of staff; hiring more people
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
corona; coronavirus; COVID-19
stag seaweed (Codium fragile); green sea fingers; dead man's fingers; felty fingers; forked felt-alga; sponge seaweed
your Excellency; his Excellency; her Excellency
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stake; to risk; to bet; to wager
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to serve; to work for; to attend
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
opinion; intention; thought
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
brother-in-law (spouse's older brother or older sister's husband); older stepbrother
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
woman; female; feminine gender
while; during; while; although; all; both
reliable; trustworthy; hopeful; promising
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to ask; to inquire; to implore (a god for an oracle); to seek direction (from your superior); to visit; to speak to (a large crowd at a theatre, etc.)
this family; we; this house
one way or another; in many ways; in various ways