starting; inauguration; launch; founding; establishment; start-up
rejection; expulsion; boycott; ostracism
civilization and enlightenment; Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation)
the West; the Occident; Western countries
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
positive; assertive; active; proactive; aggressive
to take in; to gather in; to adopt (e.g. an idea); to accept (e.g. advice); to harvest; to reap
modernization; modernisation
element; component; factor; element (e.g. in array); member (e.g. data structure)
having no choice but to ...; all one can do is ...; there's nothing to do except ...; having nothing but ...; there is only ...; having only ...
folk beliefs; folk religion
witch hunt (persecution of people accused of witchcraft); witch hunt (persecution of people considered a danger to society)
oppression; suppression; pressure
expulsion movement; boycott
conversion; shift; about-face; switch
to undergo many hardships; to taste the bitters of life
to abate; to weaken; to be emaciated; to be dejected; to be perplexed
present day; modern times; recent times; early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
to practice magic; to practise magic
just a handful; only a small number (of)
Onmyōdō; way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements
destiny; will of Heaven; luck
(trend of) the times; current of the times; spirit of the age
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
to excel at; to be proficient at; to grow old; to ripen; to rise high (e.g. of the sun)
pent-up resentment; grudges and hard feelings
to trample underfoot; to tread on; to crush with a foot
and then; in addition to that; also; even so
gradually; steadily; slowly; little by little; step by step; by degrees
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
extraordinary; exceptional; unprecedented; solecistic; non-standard; irregular
remarkable; striking; obvious
return; giving back; giving up; relinquishing; surrendering
centre; center; pivot; central nervous system
to come back; to bloom a second time
uncharacteristic; unbefitting; unworthy (of)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
this world; everyday world; earthly existence; mundane life
moneymaking; earning money
every region of the country; all corners of the country; nationwide
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up