indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
six; sixth (interval, chord)
dukedom; duchy; principality
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
colony; (Japanese) settlement (in Brazil)
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
race (of people); type of person
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
primeval forest; virgin forest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst
Naraka; Hell; very bottom; the end; trap room (of a theatre); below-stage basement
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to occupy; to hold; to account for; to make up; to take up
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
foreign country; other country; another province; strange land; alien land
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
side; flank; profile; aspect; dimension
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...