indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
woman; female; feminine gender
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
to support; to prop; to sustain; to hold at bay; to stem; to check
satisfaction; pride; one's strong point; one's forte; regular customer; regular client
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect