indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
being full; (counting) completed years (e.g. when calculating age); full (years, months, etc.); Manchuria
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
powerful; strong; forceful; reassuring; encouraging
advance; moving forward; progress
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
counter for ships (large boats); counter for half of a pair (e.g. half of a folding screen); counter for fish, birds, arrows, etc.
to descend; to go down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; to be less than
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
fleet (fishing, naval, etc.); convoy; group of ships
under one's eyes; below one's eyes
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to grow thickly; to be overgrown; to thrive; to grow in abundance
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
empty air; sky; shunyata; emptiness; air force; fruitlessness; meaninglessness
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to float; to be suspended; to rise to the surface; to appear; to come to mind; to have inspiration
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
route; course; path; one's future course (e.g. after graduating high school)
to interrupt; to obstruct (a view, someone's way, etc.); to block (light, wind, etc.); to intercept; to cut off
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
favourable; favorable; doing well; OK; all right
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
before long; soon; almost; nearly; finally; in the end
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to