indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to drive away; to clear; to scatter; to disperse
daybreak; dawn; gray of the morning (grey); dawn (of a new age)
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
lungs; bottom of one's heart; vital point
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
to shiver; to shake; to quake; to tremble; to quaver; to quiver
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
to go past; to pass; to pass by
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
overcoat; greatcoat; cloak; wrap; mantle
hem; (trouser) cuff; bottom part; bottom edge; foot (of a mountain); tips (of hair)
to interrupt; to obstruct (a view, someone's way, etc.); to block (light, wind, etc.); to intercept; to cut off
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to fan (oneself, flames, etc.); to flap (in the wind); to instigate; to stir up; to drive up prices (by buying a large amount of something); to take a photo from a low angle; to tailgate
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
whim; caprice; whimsy; fickle; moody; uneven temper
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
empty air; sky; shunyata; emptiness; air force; fruitlessness; meaninglessness
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
wide open sky; the blue; heavens; firmament
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
wonder; miracle; amazement; prodigy