indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to hold (in one's hand); to take (into one's hand); to own; to obtain
space on a page (e.g. in a newspaper); surface of paper; letter; writings
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to change; to swap; to change the object of one's interest or focus; to spend or take time; to infect; to permeate something with the smell or colour of something; to move on to the next or different stage of (a plan, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
living; lifestyle; living room
low table; table with very short legs
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
plentiful; lot of; much; pile of
book; booklet; story book; pamphlet; notebook
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pile up; to stack; to load (car, ship, etc.); to pack; to acquire; to accumulate
to tie up in a bundle (e.g. straw, hair, bills, letters); to bundle; to govern; to manage; to fold (one's arms); to put together (one's hands)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
tribe; clan; (taxonomical) tribe; group (of the periodic table)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
equality (esp. of status); equal footing; equal terms
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to fight; to compete; to contest; to argue; to dispute heatedly
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
goal; target; aim; mark; sign; landmark
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(in) his way; peculiar to him
to collect one's thoughts; to gather one's thoughts; to put one's ideas in order
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
rest; break; recess; intermission