indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
committee; commission; board; panel; committee meeting
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
book; volume; this; present; main; head
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
while; during; while; although; all; both
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
time; hour; period; class
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as