indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
senior high school; high school
life; living; I; me; student
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
first year of high school; first-year high school student
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
senior high school student
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
more or less; though not quite satisfactorily; tentatively; for the time being; just in case; once
Genchū era (of the Southern Court; 1384.4.28-1392.10.5)
kanji (as opposed to kana); printed style (of writing Chinese characters); square style; real name
red flame; (solar) prominence
to put on; to wear; to be clad in; to twine around; to twist around; to coil around
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
messenger; envoy; emissary
double; double bed; hotel room with a double bed; double-breasted; double-cuffed; double width (of cloth; usu. 1.42 meters); doubles (e.g. in tennis)
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
name; given name; first name