indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
door; gate; opening; title page
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
department of agriculture
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
science (inc. mathematics, medicine, etc.); natural science; science department (university); science course; science (as a school subject)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
new student; freshman; first-year student
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
time; hour; period; class
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
unit; denomination; credit (in school); in units of (e.g. "in thousands"); in amounts of
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
first period (e.g. first class in school day)
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
the number of people; many people; a large number of people; (counted as an) adult
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
popularity; public favor; condition (e.g. market); tone; character
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
before oneself; in front of one; a bit before reaching (a location); this side (of a location); one's standpoint; one's appearance; skill
laboratory testing bench; laboratory table; subject of an experiment; (human) guinea pig
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
chair; stool; post; office; position
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
well then ...; in that situation; in which case