indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
light that stays on all night; lamp that is kept burning all night; nightlight
light; illumination; glow; lamp; light
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
dimly; faintly; absentmindedly; vacantly; idly; aimlessly
field of vision; visibility; view; visual field; (one's) ken
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to look out over; to survey (scene); to take an extensive view of
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to insert; to put in; to have a griping pain; to flow in; to shine in
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
to be scattered about; to disperse; to be littered (with)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
cartoon; comic; comic strip; manga
clear; clearing (a bar, hurdle, etc.); overcoming; getting through; clearing (the ball); clearing (e.g. a checked box)
to finish reading; to read through
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
ongoing; in progress; afoot
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
textbook; coursebook; schoolbook
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
dreary; bleak; monotonous; tasteless; unrefined